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Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory   26/07/2005 - 20:38:32

Eric Erikson investigated and developed a stage theory about how children grow and develop psychosocial skills.

 

Level Name Characteristics
Stage 1 Trust vs. mistrust

(infant)

 A child will only learn trust if its mother meets their deep need for attention and affection.
Stage 2

 

 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

(around age 3)

 If the exploring child receives encouragement in their search for autonomy, they will learn trust, otherwise they learn shame and doubt.
Stage 3 Initiative vs. guilt

(around age 4)

 If the questioning child is encouraged in their ideas and games, they will gain confidence, otherwise they feel guilty about initiating things themselves.
Stage 4 Industry vs. authority

(at school)

 If encouraged and praised by teachers, the child will increase efforts to learn. If always criticized, they will learn to feel inferior.
Stage 5 Identity vs. role confusion

(from age 12)

 If their identity has been reinforce up to puberty, they will handle it well. If not, there is a frightening identity crisis.
Stage 6 Intimacy vs. isolation

(around middle age)

 Identity crises may occur later in life if people cannot or do no relate to others.

So what?

When working with children, take especial care to build trust and self-esteem. With dysfunctional adults (as most of us are), recognize the roots of their problems and help where you can. This means yourself too.

See also

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